Comparison of cognitive – emotional flexibility and death anxiety in people with and without traumatic experience

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of Clinical Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil Branch, Ardabil, Iran

2 Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil Branch, Ardabil, Iran

3 Department of Counseling and Guidance, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen Branch, Roudehen, Iran

Abstract

The present study was aimed to compare the cognitive-emotional flexibility and death anxiety in individuals with and without traumatic experience. Employed methodology was causal-comparative method. Statistical population of this research, including all individuals with traumatic experience who had referred to psychiatric clinics and Ardabil Isar psychiatric hospital during first half of year 2020, was selected by purposeful sampling; and it included 20 individuals as well as another group of 20 ones as a control group who were selected by convenient method. Acceptance and Practice Questionnaire, Emotional Flexibility Questionnaire and Templar Death Anxiety Scale were employed in order to collecting data obtained data was analyzed through multivariate analysis of variance test by use of software SPSS 22. Obtained results demonstrated that mean scores of cognitive – emotional flexibility in individuals with traumatic experience were lower than control group while the mean scores of death anxiety of people with traumatic experience were higher than them (p <0.01). The results demonstrated the clearance of cognitive – emotional flexibility and death anxiety in individuals with traumatic experience.

Keywords

References

Abdel-khalek, A., Lester, D. (2006). Optimism and pessimism in Kuwaiti and American college students. International journal of social psychiatry, 52(2), 110-126. doi:10.1177/0020764006062092
Aldao, A., Sheppes, G., Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion regulation flexibility. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 39(3), 263-278. doi:10.1007/s10608-014-9662-4
Alison, M., Dayan, J., Leone, G., Fraisse, F., & Carine, M. (2020). Resilience after trauma: The role of memory suppression. Science, 367, 8477- 8484. doi: 10.1126/science.aay8477
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of DSM-5 Psychiatric Disorders. Yahya Sayed Mohammadi translation. (2014). Fourth Printing, Tehran: Ravan Publishing.  doi:10.1176/appi.books. 9780890 425596
Bonanno, G. A., Burton, C. L. (2013). Regulatory flexibility: An individual differences perspective on coping and emotion regulation. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(6), 591-612. doi: 10.1177/ 1745691613504116
Caldwell, J. G., Krug, M. K.,  Carter, C.S.,  Minzenberg, M.J. (2014). Cognitive control in the face of fear: Reduced cognitive emotional flexibility in women with a history of child abuse. J Aggress Maltreat Trauma; 23(5), 454-72. doi:10.1080/ 10926771 .2014.904466
Carbonella, J. Y., Timpano, K. R. (2016). Examining the link between hoarding symptoms and cognitive flexibility deficits. Behav Ther; 47(2): 262-73. doi:10.1016/j.beth
Daneshvar, S., Basharpoor, S., Shafiei, M. (2020). Self-compassion and cognitive flexibility in trauma-exposed individuals with and without PTSD. Current psychology, 13(2), 55- 63. doi:10.1007/s12144-020-00732-1
Dennis, J. P., Wal, J. S. (2010). The cognitive flexibility inventory: Instrument development and estimates of reliability and validity. Cog Therap Res, 34(3), and 241-53. doi:10.1007/s10608-009-9276-4
Dick, A.M., Niles, B.L., Street, A.E., DiMartino, D.M., Mitchell, K.S. (2014). Examining mechanisms of change in a yoga intervention for women: The influence of mindfulness, psychological flexibility, and emotion regulation on PTSD symptoms. J Clin Psychol, 70(12), 1170-82. doi: 10.1002/jclp.22104
Gan, Y., Liu, Y., Zhang, Y. (2004). Flexible coping responses to severe acute respirator ysyndrome-related and daily life stressful events. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 7, 55–66. doi:10.1111/j.1467-839X.2004. 00134.x
 Goetter, E.M., Elizabeth, M. (2010). An empirical investigation of depressive rumination: implications for cognitive flexibility, problem solving and depression. MA thesis. Philadelphia. Science Drexel University.
Gunduz, B. (2013). Emotional intelligence, cognitive flexibility and psychological symptoms in preservice teachers. Educ Res Rev, 8(13), 1048-56. doi:10.5897/ ERR2013.1493
Gupta, S., Bonanno, G.A. (2011). Complicated grief and deficits in emotional expressive flexibility. Journal of abnormal psychology, 120(3), 635. doi:10.1037/ a0023541
Hayse, S.C., Masuda, A., Bissett, R., Luma, J., Guerrero, L.F. (2004). DBT, FAP and ACT: How empirically oriented are the new behavior therapy technology? Behavior Therapy, 35, 35-54.  doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80003-0
Herbert, J. D., Forman, E. M., Kaye, J. L., Gershkovich, M., Goetter, E., Yuen, E. K.,  Berkowitz, S. (2018). Randomized controlled trial of acceptance and commitment therapy versus traditional cognitive behavior therapy for social anxiety disorder: Symptomatic and behavioral outcomes. Journal of contextual behavioral science,  9, 88-96.  doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2018.07.008
Hoelterhoff, M. (2010). Resilience against death anxiety in relationship to post-traumatic stress disorder and psychiatric co-morbidity. Plymouth: University of Plymouth.
Izadi, R., and Abedi, M.R. (2013). Acceptance and commitment based therapy. Tehran: Jangal, Kavshiar.
Jafarzadeh Dashbolagh, H., Abdi, M.,  Alizadeh, P. (2020). Comparison of health anxiety in the elderly with and without traumatic experience. The first conference on mental pathology, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran.
Kelly, M. N., Corriveau, D. (1995). The Corriveau - Kelly Scale. Journal of Death and Dying. 3(4), 311-315.  doi:10.2190/1E5C-EY9Y-UEVE-UHCY
Luthar, S.S. (1993). Annotation: methodological and conceptual issues in research on childhood resilience. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, 34(4), 441 -453. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb01030.x
Rajabi, Gh., & Bahrani, M. (1380). Factor analysis of death anxiety scale questions. Journal of Psychology, 20 (2), 344 - 331.
Rice, J. (2009). The relationship between humor and death anxiety. Department of Psychology, copyright. Missouri Western State University.
Seyyed Ahadi, M., Marani, M. (2019). Investigating the relationship between death anxiety and traumatic events in women referred to medical centers in Rasht. First National Conference on Psychology and Education. Rasht, Iran.
Taghizadeh, M.A.,  Mohebipour, A. (2017). Emotional Flexibility Questionnaire. Tehran: Yar Pouya Test Institute.
Templer, D. I. (1970). The construction and validation of a Death Anxiety scale. Journal of General Psychology, 82, 165-177.  doi:10.1080/00221309.1970.9920634
Teymoorpour, S., Akbari, M.,  Hasani, J. (2019). The evaluation of mechanism of Effectiveness of Behavioral Activation Therapy (BA) through Cognitive Flexibility and Emotional Flexibility on Symptoms of Women with Major Depressive Disorders. JCP; 6(4), 1-13.
Ziv, B., Naomi, B., Nimrod, J., Roee, A., Nili, G. (2020). Cognitive Flexibility Predicts PTSD Symptoms: Observational and Interventional Studies. Front Psychiatry, 4, 477- 486. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt. 2018. 00477.  eCollection 2018.
Zong, J.G., Cao, X.Y., Cao, Y., Shi, Y.F., Wang,Y.N.,  Yan, C. (2010). Coping flexibility in college students with depressive symptoms. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 8 (66), 1-6. doi:10.1186/1477-7525-8-66
Journal of Research in Psychopathology
Volume 2, Issue 3
March 2021
Pages 41-47

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics