The Role of Perceived Stress, Intolerance of Uncertainty, and Anxiety of Corona Disease in Predicting the Severity of Symptoms of Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder during the coronavirus pandemic

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 M.A. in Psychology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran

2 Associate Professor of Psychology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran

3 Associate Professor, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of perceived stress, intolerance of uncertainty and anxiety of corona disease in predicting the severity of symptoms of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This research was a correlational-descriptive study. The population of this research included people aged 20 to 50 years who lived in the fall and winter in Ardabil city in 2020. The Vancouver Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory, the Corona Disease Anxiety Scale, Perceived Stress Scale of Campo-Arias, and Intolerance of Uncertainty were employed to collect the data. The data was analyzed using Pearson’s correlation test and multiple linear regression analysis using SPSS software version 25. According to Pearson correlation test results, a positive and significant relationship was observed between anxiety of corona disease, stress, intolerance of uncertainty, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (p<.05). The results of the regression analysis also showed that Perceived Stress, Intolerance of Uncertainty, and Anxiety of Corona Disease have the ability to significantly predict the Severity of Symptoms of Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that perceived stress, intolerance of uncertainty, and anxiety related to the COVID-19 pandemic play significant roles in exacerbating the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder in patients.

Keywords

References

Abramowitz, J. S., & Jacoby, R. J. (2014). Obsessive‐compulsive disorder in the DSM‐5. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 21(3), 221-235. doi:10.1111/cpsp.12076
Acenowr, C. P., & Coles, M. E. (2021). OCD during COVID-19: Understanding clinical and non-clinical anxiety in the community. Psychiatry research, 300, 113-124. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113910
Adams, T. G., Kelmendi, B., Brake, C. A., Gruner, P., Badour, C. L., & Pittenger, C. (2018). The role of stress in the pathogenesis and maintenance of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Chronic Stress,2(1),24-35. doi:10.1177/2470547018758043
Ahadi, B., & Moradi, F. (2018). Psychological Correlates of Intolerance of Uncertainty:(Metaanalysis of Persian language Articles). Journal of Research in Psychological Health, 12 (3). 91-105. doi:10.52547/rph.12.3.101
Ahmed, M. Z., Ahmed, O., Aibao, Z., Hanbin, S., & Ahmad, A. (2020). Epidemic of COVID-19 in China and associated psychological problems. Asian journal of psychiatry, 51(2), 1020-1028. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102092
Alipour, A., Ghadami, A., Alipour, Z., & Abdollahzadeh, H. (2020). Preliminary validation of the Corona Disease Anxiety Scale (CDAS) in the Iranian sample. Health Psychology, 8(32), 163-175. doi:10.30473/hpj.2020.52023.4756
Almardani, S. S., Narimani, M., Mikaeili, N., & Basharpoor, S. (2017). The role of tolerating uncertainty and emotion regulation in predicting marital satisfaction among OCD patients. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 6(4), 21-35. doi:10.22075/jcp.2017.2179
Ameri, N., & Najafi, M. (2022). The mediating role of psychological distress (stress, anxiety and) in the relationship between experiential avoidance and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Journal of Psychological,2 Studies, 17(4), 11-31. doi:10.22051/psy.2021.34131.2367
Bagheri Sheykhangafshe, F., & Sadeghi Chookami, E. (2020). Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder during the Coronavirus Epidemic 2019 (-19). SSU_Journals, 28(6), 2700-2704. doi:10.18502/ssu.v28i6.4149
Bao, Y., Sun, Y., Meng, S., Shi, J., & Lu, L. (2020). 2019-nCoV epidemic: address mental health care to empower society. The Lancet, 395(11), 37-38. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30309-3
Benatti, B., Albert, U., Maina, G., Fiorillo, A., Celebre, L., Girone, N., & Dell’Osso, B. (2020). What happened to patients with obsessive compulsive disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic? A multicentre report from tertiary clinics in northern Italy. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11(2), 720-729. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00720
Besharat, M. A., Dehghani, S., Lavasani, M. G., & Malekzadeh, R. (2015). The mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty on the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and severity of symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Contemporary Psychology, 10(1), 73-84. dor:20.1001.1.17357462.1394.14.56.6.9
Bo, H.-X., Li, W., Yang, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, Q., Cheung, T., . . . Xiang, Y.-T. (2021). Posttraumatic stress symptoms and attitude toward crisis mental health services among clinically stable patients with COVID-19 in China. Psychological medicine, 51(6), 1052-1053. doi:10.1017/s0033291720000999
Breteler, J. K., Ikani, N., Becker, E., Spijker, J., & Hendriks, G. (2021). Comorbid depression and treatment of anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTSD: Diagnosis versus severity. Journal of Affective Disorders, 295, 1005-1011. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.146
Buhr, K., & Dugas, M. (2002). The Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale: psychometric properties of the English version. Behaviour research and therapy, 40, 931-945. doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00092-4
Campo-Arias, A., Pedrozo-Cortés, M. J., & Pedrozo-Pupo, J. C. (2020). Pandemic-Related Perceived Stress Scale of COVID-19: An exploration of online psychometric performance. Revista Colombiana de psiquiatria (English ed.), 49(4), 229-310. doi:10.1016/j.rcp.2020.05.005
Chakraborty, A., & Karmakar, S. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Iranian journal of psychiatry, 15(3), 256-376. doi:10.18502/ijps.v15i3.3820
Chen, Q., Liang, M., Li, Y., Guo, J., Fei, D., Wang, L., . . . Li, X. (2020). Mental health care for medical staff in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(4), 15-16. doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30078-x
Choi, J. (2020). Taylor, S.(2019). The psychology of pandemics: Preparing for the next global outbreak of infectious disease. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Asian Communication Research, 17(2), 98-103. doi:10.1111/hsc.13382
Choobineh, H., Noorbala, A. A., Bagheri-Yazdi, S. A., Bolhari, J., Golmakani, M. M., & Haghani, E. (2021). Effectiveness of online stress management intervention on mental health status of Tehran municipality employees with COVID-19. Journal of Education and Community Health, 8(3), 209-214. doi:10.52547/jech.8.3.209
Dalir, M. (2020). Obsessive-compulsive disorder and the outbreak of Coronavirus disease: A review of existing knowledge. Rooyesh-e-Ravanshenasi Journal (RRJ), 9(7), 15-24. dor:20.1001.1.2383353.1399.9.7.19.4
Faramarzi, M., Chehrazi, M., Kheirkhah, F., Hamidia, A., Khoozan, M., & Azizi, A. (2023). Prevalence of psychological distress and posttraumatic stress symptoms and associated factors in hospitalized Iranian covid-19 patients. Oman Medical Journal, 38(2), 480-488. doi:10.5001/omj.2023.59
Freeston, M. H., Rhéaume, J., Letarte, H., Dugas, M. J., & Ladouceur, R. (1994). Why do people worry? Personality and individual differences, 17(6), 791-802. doi;10.1016/0191-8869(94)90048-5
Gentes, E. L., & Ruscio, A. M. (2011). A meta-analysis of the relation of intolerance of uncertainty to symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, and obsessive–compulsive disorder. Clinical psychology review, 31(6), 923-933. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.05.001
Gillett, C. B., Bilek, E. L., Hanna, G. L., & Fitzgerald, K. D. (2018). Intolerance of uncertainty in youth with obsessive-compulsive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder: A transdiagnostic construct with implications for phenomenology and treatment. Clinical psychology review, 60, 100-108. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2018.01.007
Habibi, R., Burci, G. L., De Campos, T. C., Chirwa, D., Cinà, M., Dagron, S. & Meier, B.M. (2020). Do not violate the International Health Regulations during the COVID-19 outbreak. The Lancet, 395(10), 664-666. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30373-1
Hajian, M., & Nikoonejad, F. (2021). The mediating role of coronary coping styles and perceived stress in the relationship between social support and aggression in adolescents. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 13(2), 133-146. doi:10.22075/jcp.2021.23050.2124
Hebert, E. A., & Dugas, M. J. (2019). Behavioral experiments for intolerance of uncertainty: Challenging the unknown in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 26(2), 421-436. doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2018.07.007
Huang, Y., & Zhao, N. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry research, 288, 112-1120. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954
Kazemi Rezaei, A., Saeidpoor, S., Samimi, Z., Parooi, M., & Afzoon, J. (2017). The Comparison of the Intolerance of Uncertainty and Short-Term Memory Capacity in Patients with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and Normal Individuals. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 5(3), 39-48. dor:20.1001.1.23455780.1396.5.3.2.0
Lima, C. K. T., de Medeiros Carvalho, P. M., Lima, I. de Oliveira Nunes, J. V. A., Saraiva, J. S., de Souza, R. I., Neto, M. L. R. (2020). The emotional impact of Coronavirus 2019-nCoV (new Coronavirus disease). Psychiatry research, 287, 115-128. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112915
McIntosh, K., Hirsch, M. S., & Bloom, A. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). UpToDate Hirsch MS Bloom, 5(1), 873-891. doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.03.019
Mohammadpour, S., & Jooshanlou, M. (2015). The relationship between generalized anxiety disorder and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder with psychological well-being in students of Lorestan University of Medical Sciences in 2014: The mediating role of passionate obsessive love. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, 14(5), 353-366. dor:20.1001.1.17353165.1394.14.5.1.7
Movahed,, J., amirimajd, M., Ghamari, M., & Pouyamanesh, J. (2023). Comparison of the Effectiveness of Parent-Child Relationship Therapy and Barkley’s Parent Training of Mothers of Children with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder in Family Functioning and Parenting Stress. Journal of Research in Psychopathology, 3(9)11-20. doi: 10.22098/jrp.2023.12237.1157
Pinciotti, C. M., Riemann, B. C., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2021). Intolerance of uncertainty and obsessive-compulsive disorder dimensions. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 81, 102-112. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102417
Ranjbari, T., Hafezi, E., Mohammadi, A., Ranjbar, S. F., & Ghafari, F. (2018). Comparison of the anxiety, worry and intolerance of uncertainty among individuals with obsessive-compulsive and substance use disorders. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 5(3), 71-78. doi:10.52547/rph.12.1.75
Romero-Sanchiz, P., Nogueira-Arjona, R., Godoy-Ávila, A., Gavino-Lázaro, A., & Freeston, M. H. (2015). Narrow specificity of responsibility and intolerance of uncertainty in obsessive-compulsive behavior and generalized anxiety symptoms. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 8(3), 239-257. doi:10.1521/ijct_2015_8_04
Sadri, M., & Benisi, P. (2021). The Effect of Covid 19 Anxiety on Obsessive Behaviors and Mind Wandering in the Work of Working Women in Tehran Province. Journal of Iranian Medical Council. 8, 13-23. https://journals.sbmu.ac.ir/nafas
Salari, N., Hosseinian-Far, A., Jalali, R., Vaisi-Raygani, A., Rasoulpoor, S., Mohammadi, M., & Khaledi-Paveh, B. (2020). Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Globalization and health, 16(1), 1-11. doi:10.1186/s12992-020-00589-w
Salmani, B., & Hasani, J. (2016). The role of intolerance of uncertainty and positive metacognitive beliefs in obsessive compulsive disorder and depression. RJMS; 23 (142) :64-72.http://rjms.iums.ac.ir/article-1-3491-fa.html
 Saraff, P., Shikatani, B., Rogic, A. M., Dodig, E. F., Talluri, S., & Murray-Latin, H. (2023). Intolerance of uncertainty and social anxiety: An experimental investigation. Behaviour Change, 40(4), 314-327. doi:10.1017/bec.2022.25
Shafran, R., Coughtrey, A., & Whittal, M. (2020). Recognising and addressing the impact of COVID-19 on obsessive-compulsive disorder. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(7), 570-572. doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30222-4
Shahed hagh ghadam, H., Fathi Ashtiani, A., Rahnejat, A. M., Ahmadi Tahour Soltani, M., Taghva, A., Ebrahimi, M. R., Jahandari, P. (2020). Psychological Consequences and Interventions during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Narrative Review [Review]. Journal of Marine Medicine, 2(1), 1-11. doi:10.30491/2.1.7
Shahyad, S., & Mohammadi, M. T. (2020). Psychological impacts of Covid-19 outbreak on mental health status of society individuals: a narrative review. Journal of military medicine, 22(2), 184-192. doi:10.30491/JMM.22.2.184
Sheykhangafshe, F. B., & Chookami, E. S. (2020). Obsessive-compulsive disorder during the coronavirus epidemic 2019 (COVID-19). Journal of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 13(4), 85-77. doi:10.18502/ssu.v28i6.4149
Shigemura, J., Ursano, R. J., Morganstein, J. C., Kurosawa, M., & Benedek, D. M. (2020). Public responses to the novel 2019 coronavirus (2019‐nCoV) in Japan: Mental health consequences and target populations. Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 74(4), 281-295. doi:10.1111/pcn.12988
Shirin, Z., Abolghasemi, S., Rahmani, M. A., & Shiroudi, S. G. (2021). The Effectiveness of short-term Psycho dynamic Therapy on Psychological distress and Intolerance of Uncertainty in Women with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Referred to Tehran MS Association. medical journal of mashhad university of medical sciences, 64(1), 63-75. doi:10.22038/mjms.2021.18207
Sohn, S. Y., Kang, J. I., & Kim, S. J. (2016). PT622. The relationship between measures of metacognition, intolerance of uncertainty and obsessive-compulsive disorder. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 19(1), 28- 38. doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyw044.622
Tanovic, E., Gee, D. G., & Joormann, J. (2018). Intolerance of uncertainty: Neural and psychophysiological correlates of the perception of uncertainty as threatening. Clinical psychology review, 60, 87-99. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2018.01.001
Thordarson, D. S., Radomsky, A. S., Rachman, S., Shafran, R., Sawchuk, C. N., & Hakstian, A. R. (2004). The Vancouver obsessional compulsive inventory (VOCI). Behaviour research and therapy, 42(11), 1289-1314. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2003.08.007
Tolin, D. F., Abramowitz, J. S., Brigidi, B. D., & Foa, E. B. (2003). Intolerance of uncertainty in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 17(2), 233-242. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(02)00182-2
Vakili Heris, S., Livarjani, S., & Moheb, N. (2020). Presenting a Pathological Model of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Based on Maladaptive Perfectionism and Sensitivity to Threat in Nonclinical Population: Mediating Role of Intolerance of Uncertainty. Journal of Applied Psychological Research, 10(4), 161-182. doi:10.22059/japr.2019.284499.643309
van der Straten, A., van Leeuwen, W., Denys, D., van Marle, H., & van Wingen, G. (2020). The effect of distress on the balance between goal-directed and habit networks in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Translational psychiatry, 10(1), 73-81. doi:10.1038/s41398-020-0744-7
Xiang, Y.-T., Yang, Y., Li, W., Zhang, L., Zhang, Q., Cheung, T., & Ng, C. H. (2020). Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(3), 228-229. doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30046-8
Yaghoutimoghaddam, H., Jaberi Koshki, F., Haghnazar, M., Sadeghi, H., & Hosein Zadeh Hesari, M. (2021). Relationship between workaholism and depression and Anxiety levels in specialist physicians of hospitales of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences. Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, 27(6), 788-794. https://jsums.medsab.ac.ir/article_1259=en
Zangrillo, A., Beretta, L., Silvani, P., Colombo, S., Scandroglio, A. M., Dell’Acqua, A., . . . Azzolini, M. L. (2020). Fast reshaping of intensive care unit facilities in a large metropolitan hospital in Milan, Italy: facing the COVID-19 pandemic emergency. Critical care and resuscitation, 22(2), 91-94. doi:10.51893/2020.2.pov1
Zhu, H., Wei, L., & Niu, P. (2020). The novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China. Global health research and policy, 5(1), 1-13. doi:10.1186/s41256-020-00135-6

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics