Perceived self-compassion and self-esteem as self-evaluation constructs in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, non-psychotic and healthy people: a comparative study based on group and gender differences

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

2 Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Kore University of Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the levels of self-compassion and self-esteem as a self-evaluation in patients with psychotic disorders, non-psychotic disorders, and normal people. In this causal-comparative study, 60 psychotic, 60 non-psychotic patients and 140 students were selected via convenience sampling method. Using Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale and Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), they were compared. Results showed that the level of self-esteem significantly differs between patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and normal people and also between non-psychotic disorders and normal people. The level of self-esteem in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and non-psychotic patients was lower than in healthy individuals. Gender differences were not significant. However, the interaction effects of three groups of schizophrenic patients, non-psychotic patients, and healthy people, and two genders (3x2) were significant. Based on the results, the level of self-compassion in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and non-psychotic patients was lower than in healthy people. Gender differences were not significant. However, the interaction effects of three groups of schizophrenic patients, non-psychotic patients, and healthy people, and two genders (3x2) were significant. The findings indicated that patients with schizophrenia showed low levels of self-compassion and self-esteem; therefore, it is essential to implement targeted treatment methods aimed at enhancing self-compassion and self-esteem in this population.

Keywords

References

Ahmadi, E., & Mirmohamadi, F. (2024). The effectiveness of self-compassion training on the intensity of chronic pain in women under domestic violence. Journal of research in psychopathology, 5(15), 1-7. doi:10.22098/JRP.2023.13281.1188
Barbalat, G., Maréchal, L., Plasse, J., Chéreau-Boudet, I., Gouache, B., Legros-Lafarge, E., Massoubre, C., Guillard-Bouhet, N., Haesebaert, F., & Franck, N. (2024). Functioning, clinical severity, education and sex moderate the inverse relationship between insight and quality of life in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 264, 149-156. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2023.12.015
Barrowclough, C., Tarrier, N., Humphreys, L., Ward, J., Gregg, L., & Andrews, B. (2003). Self-esteem in schizophrenia: relationships between self-evaluation, family attitudes, and symptomatology. Journal of abnormal psychology, 112(1), 92. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.112.1.92
Basharpoor, S. (2014). Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of the Self Compassion Scale in University Students. Journal of Reseach in Pshychological Health,  7(2),66-75. doi:20.1001.1.20080166.1392.7.2.7.3
Bleuler, E. P. (1930). The physiogenic and psychogenic in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 87(2), 203-211. doi:10.1177/0957154X09342761
Burgin, S., Reniers, R., & Humpston, C. (2022). Prevalence and assessment of self-disorders in the schizophrenia spectrum: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scientific reports, 12(1), 1165. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-05232-9
Calatrava, M., Martins, M. V., Schweer-Collins, M., Duch-Ceballos, C., & Rodríguez-González, M. (2022). Differentiation of self: A scoping review of Bowen Family Systems Theory’s core construct. Clinical psychology review, 91, 102101. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102101
Chen, Y.-L., Jian, C.-R., Chang, Y.-P., Chao, S.-R., & Yen, C.-F. (2023). Association of loneliness with suicide risk and depression in individuals with schizophrenia: moderating effects of self-esteem and perceived support from families and friends. Schizophrenia, 9(1), 41. doi:10.1038/s41537-023-00368-7
Daemen, M., van Amelsvoort, T., investigators, G., & Reininghaus, U. (2023). Momentary self-esteem as a process underlying the association between childhood trauma and psychosis: experience sampling study. JMIR Mental Health, 10, e34147.
Daneshvar, S., Shafiei, M., & Basharpoor, S. (2022). Compassion-focused therapy: Proof of concept trial on suicidal ideation and cognitive distortions in female survivors of intimate partner violence with PTSD. Journal of interpersonal violence, 37, 11-12. doi:10.1177/0886260520984265
Fond, G. B., Yon, D. K., Tran, B., Mallet, J., Urbach, M., Leignier, S., Rey, R., Misdrahi, D., Llorca, P.-M., & Schürhoff, F. (2023). Poverty and inequality in real-world schizophrenia: a national study. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1182441. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1182441
Gerymski, R., & Szeląg, M. (2023). Sexual Well-Being in Individuals with Schizophrenia: A Pilot Study on the Role of Self-Esteem and Acceptance of Illness. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 13(7), 1318-1329. doi:10.3390/ejihpe13070097
Ghanem, M., Evangeli‐Dawson, C., & Georgiades, A. (2023). The role of culture on the phenomenology of hallucinations and delusions, explanatory models, and help‐seeking attitudes: A narrative review. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 17(9), 843-863. doi:10.1111/eip.13449
Ghorbani, N., Watson, P., Hamzavy, F., & Weathington, B. L. (2010). Self-knowledge and narcissism in Iranians: Relationships with empathy and self-esteem. Current Psychology, 29, 135-143. doi:0.1007/s12144-010-9079-5
Gilligan, C. (2013). The centrality of relationship in human development: A puzzle, some evidence, and a theory. In Development and vulnerability in close relationships (pp. 237-261). Psychology Press. doi:10.4324/9780203773406
Hamidi, S., Ebrahimi, H., Vahidi, M., & Areshtanab, H. N. (2023). Internalized Stigma and its Association with Hope, Self-Esteem, Self-Efficacy, and Treatment Adherence among Outpatients with Severe Mental Illness: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 28(3), 345-351. doi:10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_248_21
Harari, L., Oselin, S. S., & Link, B. G. (2023). The Power of Self-Labels: Examining Self-Esteem Consequences for Youth with Mental Health Problems. Journal of health and social behavior, 64(4), 578-592. doi:10.1177/00221465231175936
Hardman, J. R., Gleeson, J. F., González‐Blanch, C., Alvarez‐Jimenez, M., Fraser, M. I., & Yap, K. (2023). The role of insight, social rank, mindfulness and self‐compassion in depression following first episode psychosis. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 30(6), 1393-1406. doi:10.1002/cpp.2881
Heshmati, R. (2010). Exploration of the factor structure of positive and negative syndrome scale in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. J Clin Psychol, 2(2), 1-10. doi:10.22075/jcp.2017.2018
Heshmati, R., Azmoodeh, S., & Caltabiano, M. L. (2021). Pathway linking different types of childhood trauma to somatic symptoms in a subclinical sample of female college students: the mediating role of experiential avoidance. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 209(7), 497-504. doi:10.1097/NMD.0000000000001323
Heshmati, R., & Caltabiano, M. L. (2020). Pathway linking dispositional mindfulness to fatigue in oncology female nurses: Exploring the mediating role of emotional suppression. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 48, 101831. doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2020.101831
Heshmati, R., & Pellerone, M. (2018). Relationship of dispositional mindfulness, self-destruction and self-criticism in academic performance of boy students. Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 6(3). doi:10.6092/2282-1619/2018.6.1716
Heshmati, R., Seyed Yaghoubi Pour, N., Haji Abbasoghli, P., & Habibi Asgarabad, M. (2024). Adverse Childhood Experience, Parental Bonding, and Fatherhood as Parenting Vulnerabilities to Social Anxiety Severity. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 14(7), 2057-2073. doi:10.3390/ejihpe14070137
Jordan, C. H. (2020). Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Encyclopedia of personality and individual differences, 4518-4520. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_1155
Logoń, K., Świrkosz, G. J., & Kowalski, K. (2024). From hallucinations to delusions: a narrative review of psychotic-like experiences and their implications. Advances in clinical and experimental medicine: official organ Wroclaw Medical University. doi:10.17219/acem/186815
Martín-Albo, J., Núñez, J. L., Navarro, J. G., & Grijalvo, F. (2007). The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale: translation and validation in university students. The Spanish journal of psychology, 10(2), 458-467. doi:10.1017/s1138741600006727
Matsuura, N., Hashimoto, T., & Toichi, M. (2009). Correlations among self‐esteem, aggression, adverse childhood experiences and depression in inmates of a female juvenile correctional facility in Japan. Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 63(4), 478-485. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2009.01996.x
Mohamadi, S. Y., Sotoodeh Asl, N., Jahan, F., & Moazedian, A. (2024). A causal model on adolescents' high-risk behaviors based on religious beliefs and self-compassion mediated by emotion regulation and social support. Journal of Research in Psychopathology, 5(16), 27-35. doi:10.22098/JRP.2022.10741.1097
Murdock, N. L., Flynn, M. C., & Bresin, R. C. (2023). Differentiation of self, anxiety, triangling and distress: A test of Bowen theory. Family process, 62(4), 1671-1686. doi:10.1111/famp.12845
Neff, K. D. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and identity, 2(3), 223-250. doi:1080/15298860309027
Neff, K. D., Kirkpatrick, K. L., & Rude, S. S. (2007). Self-compassion and adaptive psychological functioning. Journal of research in personality, 41(1), 139-154. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2006.03.004
Raballo, A., Poletti, M., Preti, A., & Parnas, J. (2021). The self in the spectrum: a meta-analysis of the evidence linking basic self-disorders and schizophrenia. Schizophrenia bulletin, 47(4), 1007-1017. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbaa201
Richardson, T., Sood, M., Bayliss, P., & Newman‐Taylor, K. (2023). Self‐compassion as a mediator of the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and psychotic symptoms in clinical and non‐clinical groups. British journal of clinical psychology, 62(3), 689-697. doi:10.1111/bjc.12429
Suman, A., Nehra, R., Sahoo, S., & Grover, S. (2023). Prevalence of loneliness and its correlates among patients with schizophrenia. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 69(4), 906-915. doi:10.1177/00207640221141646
Sun, Y., Wang, M., Yu, H., Su, H., & Zhou, Y. (2023). The relationship between self-esteem and mental disability in patients with schizophrenia: the mediating role of resilience and the moderating role of gender. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 28(7), 1985-1996. doi:10.1080/13548506.2022.2124294
Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., & Ullman, J. B. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (Vol. 6). pearson Boston, MA.
Werner, P., Aviv, A., & Barak, Y. (2008). Self-stigma, self-esteem and age in persons with schizophrenia. International Psychogeriatrics, 20(1), 174-187. doi:10.1017/S1041610207005340
Yu, M., Lu, J., Li, X., Wang, S., Shangguan, C., & Wang, X. (2024). Forgiveness weakens women’s counter-empathy both in the stage of self-oriented and other-oriented emotional responses. Health Care for Women International, 45(12), 1411-1425. doi:10.1080/07399332.2023.2272794

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics