The Effectiveness of Time Perspective Therapy on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Social Anxiety in Early Adolescent Girls Victimized by Bullying

Articles in Press

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Associate Professor in Psychology, Faculty of literatures and humanistic sciences, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran

2 Ph.D. Student, Department of Family Counseling, Sa.C., Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran.

3 3. Assistant Professor, Department of psychology, Sa.C., Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran.

10.22098/jrp.2026.18393.1334

Abstract

The psychological consequences experienced by adolescent victims of bullying underscore the urgent need for effective therapeutic interventions to alleviate these adverse outcomes. The present study aimed to examine the efficacy of Time Perspective Therapy (TPT) on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and social anxiety in adolescent girls victimized by bullying. The research method was a quasi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up with a control group. The study population comprised early adolescent girls who were victims of bullying residing in Kermanshah, Iran, during the 2023–2024 academic year. The study sample consisted of 32 adolescent girls identified as victims of bullying based on the Adolescent Bullying Questionnaire. All participants also met the inclusion criteria for clinically significant symptoms of PTSD and social anxiety disorder (SAD). The participants were then randomly assigned to either the experimental (n = 16) or the control group (n = 16). The Adolescent Bullying Scale, the Child PTSD Symptom Scale for DSM-5 (, and Social Anxiety scales for Adolescents were used to collect data. The data were analyzed using repeated measures with analysis of variance. The results showed that TPT was effective in reducing PTSD symptoms and social anxiety symptoms in adolescent girls who were victims of bullying, and the persistence of the therapy effect was significant in both variables and theirs dimensions. The findings highlight the potential clinical value of TPT as an intervention for bullied adolescents. Incorporating TPT into psychological and school counseling programs may contribute to improving mental health outcomes in this vulnerable population.

Keywords

Journal of Research in Psychopathology

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 10 July 2026

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